Efficient Algorithms for Asymptotic Bounds on Termination Time in VASS

Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS) provide a well-known and fundamental model for the analysis of concurrent processes, parameterized systems, and are also used as abstract models of programs in resource bound analysis. In this paper we study the problem of obtaining asymptotic bounds on the termination time of a given VASS. In particular, we focus on the practically important case of obtaining polynomial bounds on termination time. Our main contributions are as follows: First, we present a polynomial-time algorithm for deciding whether a given VASS has a linear asymptotic complexity. We also show that if the complexity of a VASS is not linear, it is at least quadratic. Second, we classify VASS according to quantitative properties of their cycles. We show that certain singularities in these properties are the key reason for non-polynomial asymptotic complexity of VASS. In absence of singularities, we show that the asymptotic complexity is always polynomial and of the form $\Theta(n^k)$, for some integer $k\leq d$, where $d$ is the dimension of the VASS. We present a polynomial-time algorithm computing the optimal $k$. For general VASS, the same algorithm, which is based on a complete technique for the construction of ranking functions in VASS, produces a valid lower bound, i.e., a $k$ such that the termination complexity is $\Omega(n^k)$. Our results are based on new insights into the geometry of VASS dynamics, which hold the potential for further applicability to VASS analysis.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1708.0925

Numerical analysis of spray-dic modeling for fruit concentration drying process into powder based on computational fluid dynamic

The drying process is most popular preservation methods. It is important in producing the powder and natural dye by concentration fruit drying. Spray-DIC is one of the concentration techniques for drying process using the nozzle flow application in computational fluid dynamic. The mathematical modeling for drying process in this paper includes mass conservation and energy conservation of fruit concentration based on partial differential equation. The discretization of mathematical model will use the finite difference method with the initial and boundary conditions of nozzle flow application. The mathematical modeling computes numerical in sequential algorithm. Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel scheme will use to solve the linear system of mathematical modeling. The execution time, no of iteration, accuracy, root mean square error and maximum error are measured for investigating the numerical analysis. The results show the Gauss Seidel method is the alternative method compared to Jacobi method for solving the Spray-DIC modeling

Bio-polishing sludge adsorbents for dye removal

The objective of this work is to evaluate the removal of methylene blue dye by bio-polishing sludge-based adsorbents. The adsorbents were characterized according to the specific surface area, pH upon the treatment and surface functional groups. The adsorption of dye was carried out at room temperature, and the adsorption data were analyzed using the isotherm and kinetics models. The bio-polishing sludge is rich in ash content, and the presence of surface functional groups varied with the treatment strategies. The specific surface area of adsorbents is between 7.25 and 20.8 m2/g. Results show that the maximum removal of methylene blue by sludge adsorbents was observed to have the following order: untreated sludge (SR) > zinc chloride-treated (SZ) > microwave-dried (SW) = potassium carbonate-treated (SK) > acid-washed (SH). The maximum adsorption capacities for SR and SZ as predicted by the Langmuir model are 170 and 135 mg/g, respectively. Although SR demonstrates a higher maximum removal than SZ, the latter exhibits greater removal intensity and rate constant even at high dye concentration. The bio-polishing sludge is a promising adsorbent for dye wastewater treatment

Utility of Karya Karana Bhava of Sankhya Darshana in Ayurveda

To keep with ever changing, ever growing field of research in modern medical sciences the Ayurvedic concepts need to be analyzed and updated in relevance with the developments in the contemporary sciences. The fundamental base of Ayurveda is built on the concepts which are its self developed and adopted by various allied texts and altered. The concepts which are being adopted are not present as it is, but the essence can be felt everywhere in the text. “Karya Karana Bhava” is one such concept given by the Sankhya Darsana and advocated in Ayurveda. In this background, the study on Sankhya Darshana, Tattvas of Sankhya Darshana, and the utility of Karya Karana Bhava in Ayurveda is necessary. Hence, this subject is taken in account to explore it

Lavana Varga in Ayurveda

Lavana has been used as medicine as well as food since ancient times. A number of salts are described in various ancient texts and out of which, some are not available in present day, but Panchalavana are mainly used in medicinal purposes. The names of five varieties of Lavana are included in Panchalavana group,varies from text to text. There are many terms commonly used in Ayurveda as like Lavantraya, Lavana Chaturya, Lavana Panchaka, Lavanashadushna etc. Lavana Panchaka is explained first among them. The group of five salts viz. Saindhava Lavana, Samudra Lavana, Vida Lavana, Sauvarchala Lavana, Romaka Lavana , among all Saindhava Lavana is the best one

Comparison between controlled and uncontrolled spray-DIC modeling for dehydration process

The work reported here focuses on the controllability expressions in the mathematical modeling of dehydration process of food concentrates in producing powder using spray-DIC (spray-Détente Instantaneé Controlee or spray-instant controlled pressure drop). This paper presents the second-order partial differential equations for mathematical modeling of moisture and heat transfer in spray-DIC process. This paper proposes the enhancement in the simple model of DIC technique with controllability expression to be used in the spray-DIC. The controllability expression in the drying process models gives better results when compared to the models without the controllability expression. The results were computed and shown by MATLAB 2013 with Windows 8 operating systems. The controllability expression in dehydration process model using the spray-DIC drier manage to succesfully control the dehydration process

Determination of flow resistance coefficient for vegetation in open channel: laboratory study

This study focused on determination of flow resistances coefficient for grass in an open channel. Laboratory works were conducted to examine the effects of varying of roughness elements on the flume to determine flow resistance coefficient and also to determine the optimum flow resistance with five different flow rate, Q. Laboratory study with two type of vegetation which are Cow Grass and Pearl Grass were implementing to the bed of a flume. The roughness coefficient, n value is determine using Manning’s equation while Soil Conservation Services (SCS) method was used to determine the surface resistance. From the experiment, the flow resistance coefficient for Cow Grass in range 0.0008 - 0.0039 while Pearl Grass value for the flow resistance coefficient are in between 0.0013 - 0.0054. As a conclusion the vegetation roughness value in open channel are depends on density, distribution type of vegetation used and physical characteristic of the vegetation itsel

An experimental study to evaluate the concept of Trividha Atisevana Varjya Dravya w.s.r. to Lavana

Background: Lavana is used as medicine as well as Ahara since ancient times. In Caraka Samhita it has been mentioned that three Dravyas viz. Pippali, Kshara (alkali) and Lavana (salt) can be used as emergency medicine, but they should not be consumed in excess (Ati Upayunjita). Hence in the present study Lavana has been evaluated in experimental animals in two different phases’ viz. Acute administration at graded doses as part of acute toxicity study and Sub-Acute administration at fixed dose level, as part of toxic Sub-Acute toxicity study, to assess the possible adverse effects. Materials & Methods: Wistar strain albino rats of either sex weighing between 150 - 200g. body weights were used, The experiment was carried out in accordance with the direction of the Institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC) after obtaining its permission (Approval number IAEC – 138/k/2018). Results: Results were drawn based on histopathological reports and biochemical reports of each group of toxicity study. Acute toxicity study has been carried out in albino rats receiving the 2 dose level maximum at up to 10 times higher (855mg/kg) then the therapeutic equivalent dose (427.5mg/kg). In Sub-Chronic toxicity: dose given was five times higher than therapeutic equivalent dose and ten times the equivalent to human therapeutic dose for duration of 30 days. Discussion: Toxicity is not found in Acute study and in Sub-Acute study moderate to high toxicity is found

Positioning Control of an Antagonistic Pneumatic Muscle Actuated System using Feedforward Compensation with Cascaded Control Scheme

This paper presents a feedforward compensation with cascaded control scheme (FFC) for the positioning control of a vertical antagonistic based pneumatic muscle actuated (PMA) system. Owing to the inherent nonlinearities and time varying parameters exhibited by PMA, conventional fixed controllers unable to demonstrate high positioning performance. Hence, the feedforward compensation with cascaded control scheme is proposed whereby the scheme includes a PID controller coupled with nonlinear control elements. The proposed scheme has a simple control structure in addition to its straightforward design procedures. Though there are nonlinear control elements involved, these elements are derived from the open loop system responses that does not requires any accurate known parameters. Performance of the FFC scheme are then evaluated experimentally and compared to a PID controller with feedforward compensation (FF-PID) in point-to-point motion of different step heights. Overall, the experimental results show that the effectiveness of the proposed FFC scheme in reducing the steady state error to zero in comparison to FF-PID controller for all cases of step heights examined